Absolutely. I use to use my hearing that way in my former profession ... not music related. Detailed active listening is an acquired skill set.
Never forgot this clip about hearing from the 70's Kung FU TV series.
Just found this tread and found it interesting. Having taught an Aural Recognition class (23yrs as a Sonar Tech) I know for certain that people can be trained, I taught 20 yr old "MP3's are great" kids for a week at a time. Class room had some great play back equipment BTW, don't know why I never opened those gray Navy cabinets to take a look at the guts.